The scale of a corroboree ranged from small, intimate gatherings to massive inter-tribal meetings. Samuel Smiles referred to “a few miserable” blacks meeting, and William Landsborough described a dance performed by two individuals for a small audience.

R.N. Richard Sadleir reported assemblies of 500 people. Lady Barker witnessed a performance by 120 prisoners in a jail. The largest gathering described is in John Morgan’s account, where “over a thousand souls” from “about 10 different tribes” assembled for a “grand corroboree.”

Yes, different language groups have their names for corroboree. Taplin noted that what whites call a corrobery is called by the Narrinyeri, ringbalin.

Baldwin Spencer and F.J. Gillen noted that in the central Australian tribes they studied, the word “corrobboree” was often adopted by natives after hearing white men use it, with their own word for sacred ceremonies being “Quabara.”

 

The term “corroboree” as used by white observers has other variations like “corrobory,” (Henry Melville) “corrobery,” (George Taplin) “corrobboree,” (Taplin, Spencer and Gillen, Herbert Basedow, Fison and A.W. Howitt etc.) “corrobberree” (John Morgan), which were adopted by some natives after hearing it.

Anthony Trollope defined a corroboree as “a tribal dance in which the men congregate out in the bush, in the front of a fire, and go through various antics with smeared faces and bodies, with spears and sticks, howling, and moving their bodies about in time;—while the gins, and children, and old people sit round in a circle.” 

Roderick J. Flanagan described it as the “great festival among the New Hollanders,” encompassing “all the festivity and fun of which the aboriginal is cognizant, or in which he indulges. It is at once his Bacchanal, Cyprian and Olympian games. Here, songs and orations were recited, musical performances accomplished, dances performed, and amours and courtship indulged.”

The Rev. George Taplin, in “The Narrinyeri,” further specified that while used as a charm to frighten away disease and in some ceremonies, “its real character is only that of a song and a dance.”

Gender Roles during Corroberee

The sources describe a consistent and strict division of roles between men and women during most corroborees. 

The central dramatic action of the corroboree is performed by the men. Anthony Trollope described it as “a tribal dance in which the men congregate… and go through various antics.”  Roderick J. Flanagan elaborates that the corroboree features “eighty or a hundred men ranged in a line… performing a measured dance,” and it is the “scene of their songs and orations.” May Vivienne observed the men “leaping up in the air… and contorting their bodies in most grotesque fashion.”

The women’s primary role is to provide the music and rhythm for the male dancers. Flanagan explicitly states that “the women [are] the instrumental performers, as well as sustaining the chief burden of the vocal music.” This is described in multiple accounts:

William Buckley observed that the women sat on the ground, beating time on skin rugs rolled up tightly, which they stretched between their knees to form a sort of drum. May Vivienne noted that while the men danced, other men “squatted on the ground chanting strange sounds and beating sticks, while the lubras (wives), gins (girls), and pickaninnies (children) sat or lay around, making a fearful noise and clapping their hands vigorously.”

The account from “The Narrinyerri” specifies that in most ringbalin, “only the men dance; the women sit on the ground and sing.” They beat the planggi (skin drums) and form the core of the choir.

 

Dress and Body Adornment for Aboriginal Corroboree

The decoration of the body for corroborees is a serious art form, with distinct differences between men and women.

The men’s adornment is often elaborate and dramatic, designed to create a striking, sometimes fearsome, spectacle in the firelight. They paint themselves, use feathers and accessories and leafy anklets.

William Landsborough described his guides painting themselves with “white streaks” so that in the firelight they “looked like skeletons.” Lady Barker gave a detailed account of prisoners painting themselves with “a streak of some white clay between each rib, and similar daubs of white and a red pigment… smeared all over their faces, in a pattern or design.” R.N. Richard Sadleir mentions bodies “striped in white” and heads “fancifully adorned.”

Lady Barker noted the men’s heads were decorated to look “more like a crow’s nest than anything else.” Sadleir describes one tribe where the men’s hair was “stuck all over with the snowy down of the white cockatoo.” Dancers often carried spears, shields, clubs (waddies), and boomerangs.

A common feature mentioned by Baldwin Spencer and F.J. Gillen is that the performers had “bundles of leafy twigs tied round the legs just above the ankles.”

However, when the women dance in their own ceremonies, their adornment is different. Spencer and Gillen provide a specific description from the Arunta tribe: “Each woman had a broad, white band of down across her forehead… [and] a long string, made out of the same material, hanging pendent from the head-band.” They also note that the body designs for women’s dances were “quite unlike that seen at any time on the men,” consisting of lines and geometric shapes drawn on the chest and abdomen, and an “elongate ellipse” on each thigh. The material used was sometimes the white fur from rabbits’ tails.

 

Women’s Corroborees

While the major nocturnal ceremonies are typically male-dominated, the sources confirm that women have their own distinct dances and corroborees.

George Taplin in The Narrinyeri states directly, “There are also war dances… The dances of the women are very immodest and lewd. The men sit and sing, and the women dance.” He compares a drawing of Egyptian dancers to the dances of Narrinyeri women, finding it “exact.”

Baldwin Spencer and F.J. Gillen in The Native Tribes of Central Australia describe a special woman’s dance that forms part of the final phase of the major Engwura ceremony. They write: “A number of young women… are decorated with a double horseshoe-shaped band of white pipe-clay which extends across the front of each thigh and the base of the abdomen.” In this dance, the women stand in a group, swaying and “quivering in a most remarkable fashion… the muscles of the thighs and of the base of the abdomen.” 

In most sacred ceremonies, women are strictly forbidden. However, Spencer and Gillen note an exception in the Arunta tribe where, during certain major gatherings, women perform a dance that re-enacts a mythological event. They write that at the start of one initiation ceremony, “the women, who had been awaiting his arrival, at once began to dance, carrying shields in their hands.” This was unusual, as “except in connection with this ceremony women may never carry shields, because they are exclusively the property of the men.”

 

As noted by Richard Sadleir, the Government granted supplies of flour and stores. To specifically check infanticide, tea and sugar were given to the mother until the infant was twelve months old. This practice of providing a ration of flour, tea, and sugar to every mother until her child was twelve months old was adopted and, according to Taplin, it put a stop to infanticide.